Current:Home > NewsSatellites reveal the secrets of water-guzzling farms in California-InfoLens
Satellites reveal the secrets of water-guzzling farms in California
View Date:2024-12-23 16:55:58
In a new push to stop further depletion of California's shrinking aquifers, state regulators are turning to technology once used to count Soviet missile silos during the Cold War: satellites.
Historically, California's farmers could pump as much as they wanted from their wells. But as a consequence of that unrestricted use, the underground water table has sunk by hundreds of feet in some areas, and the state is now trying to stabilize those aquifers.
Regulators need to calculate just how much water each farmer is using across California's vast agricultural lands, and scientists and private companies are now offering a technique that uses images from orbiting satellites. "The days of agricultural anonymity are over," says Joel Kimmelshue, co-founder of the company Land IQ, which is helping to hone the technique.
Water surveillance got a big boost when California passed a law in 2014 that aims to protect the state's aquifers. It places limits on the amount of water that farmers are allowed to pump.
There was a big problem: Local officials like Eric Limas weren't sure how to enforce limits on water use. Limas is general manager of the Lower Tule River and Pixley Irrigation Districts, in Tulare County, where aquifers are among the most depleted in the entire state. He's also in charge of a newly established groundwater sustainability agency for that area.
"That was one of the first conversations that our groundwater committee tackled," Limas says. "OK, how are we going to do that? Are we going to measure every molecule that's pumped?"
Limas doesn't even know exactly how many wells there are in his part of the county. Thousands of them are hidden away in the middle of corn fields and almond orchards.
Many farmers weren't inclined to help him out. Especially in the first years after the law was passed. Limas recalls the initial reaction: "At first it's like, 'You're crazy if you think you're going to come on my place and ... figure out how much I'm pumping. That's my water.' "
Then Limas heard that researchers at California Polytechnic State University had developed a way to estimate the amount of water used by agricultural crops from images recorded by NASA-operated satellites.
Land IQ, meanwhile, was using that same technique — supplemented with stations on the ground — to collect data on field-by-field water use. It sounded like "Star Wars stuff," Limas recalls. But it also sounded easier and cheaper than getting water meters installed on every well in his district.
The technique involves several steps. The first is figuring out which crops are growing on each field. The satellite images, which are updated almost every week, contain clues: the shade of green, the spacing of vegetation, the time of year the field turns green. Combining those clues, Kimmelshue says, produces a fingerprint of each crop. "We have a fingerprint for walnuts and a fingerprint for alfalfa, tomatoes and all these different crops."
About 4% of the time, Kimmelshue says, there's a case of mistaken identity. "We might confuse almonds for peaches," he says. "But a peach tree and an almond tree have similar water needs" so the estimate of water use still ends up being quite accurate.
Each crop, at a particular point in its life cycle, takes up a predictable amount of water and releases it through its leaves, depending on local weather conditions. Land IQ has set up local monitoring stations to keep track of things like wind speed, heat and humidity, at hundreds of locations. Putting it all together, the company calculates the amount of "evapotranspiration" — the amount of water that the plants are releasing to the air, as well as what's evaporating from the soil.
That's different from the amount that farmers are pumping because some irrigation water that's pumped from the aquifer sinks back into the earth. Because of this, Kimmelshue has convinced officials like Limas that it's more important to regulate water consumption, in the form of evapotranspiration, rather than water pumping.
He's now selling that data to more than a dozen groundwater regulatory agencies, including the ones that Eric Limas manages.
Limas and his colleagues can monitor how much water is consumed by every farmer, field by field, and show farmers how that compares with their legal allotment under the new Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. "A lot of guys are going in and looking at their water budgets and saying, 'Oh, yeah, we don't have enough water to plant that summer crop,' " Limas says.
That's how the process is supposed to work. Farming practices are supposed to change to conserve aquifer water. Some officials worry that it won't go so smoothly when limits on groundwater use get tighter over the next two decades. Some are predicting court battles over whether the satellite-based technique is accurate. Some farmers say that regulators ultimately may shift to using data from water meters that are installed on every well.
In the meantime, though, the technique is growing more popular. Later this week, a coalition of scientists, NASA and environmental groups like the Environmental Defense Fund plans to launch a new version of space-based water monitoring. This one is called OpenET. (ET refers to evapotranspiration.) It will estimate water use in agricultural areas across much of the western United States, and making it available on the web for anyone to see.
veryGood! (6955)
Related
- 'Unfortunate error': 'Wicked' dolls with porn site on packaging pulled from Target, Amazon
- North Carolina Democrat says he won’t seek reelection, cites frustrations with GOP legislature
- Which stores are open and closed Thanksgiving 2023? See Target, Walmart, Costco holiday hours
- RHOP's Karen Huger Reveals Health Scare in the Most Grand Dame Way Possible
- Where is 'College GameDay' for Week 12? Location, what to know for ESPN show
- 2024 Grammy nominations snub Pink, Sam Smith and K-pop. Who else got the cold shoulder?
- National Guard members fight to have injuries recognized and covered: Nobody's listening
- The Excerpt podcast: Politicians' personal lives matter to voters. Should they?
- Tuskegee University closes its campus to the public, fires security chief after shooting
- Classes on celebrities like Taylor Swift and Rick Ross are engaging a new generation of law students
Ranking
- Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan says next year will be his last in office; mum on his plans afterward
- Movie Review: In David Fincher’s ‘The Killer,’ an assassin hides in plain sight
- Is the Beatles' 'Now and Then' about Paul McCartney? Is it really the last song?
- World War I-era munitions found in D.C. park — and the Army says there may be more
- Why was Jalen Ramsey traded? Dolphins CB facing former team on 'Monday Night Football'
- 'Cake Boss' Buddy Valastro returns to TV with two new shows, update on injured hand
- Pakistani police cracking down on migrants are arresting Afghan women and children, activists claim
- Businessman allegedly stole nearly $8 million in COVID relief aid to buy a private island in Florida, oil fields in Texas
Recommendation
-
Garth Brooks wants to move his sexual assault case to federal court. How that could help the singer.
-
Why Hunger Games Prequel Star Hunter Schafer Wants to Have a Drink With Jennifer Lawrence
-
Somber bugles and bells mark Armistice Day around the globe as wars drown out peace messages
-
Worried Chinese shoppers scrimp, dimming the appeal of a Singles’ Day shopping extravaganza
-
King Charles III celebrates 76th birthday amid cancer battle, opens food hubs
-
A teenager taken from occupied Mariupol to Russia will return to Ukraine, officials say
-
Taylor Swift nabs another album of the year Grammy nomination for 'Midnights,' 6 total nods
-
'Special talent': Kyler Murray's Cardinals teammates excited to have him back vs. Falcons